Special storage locations called registers are included in this circuitry to hold information temporarily while it is being decoded or manipulated. The speed of these machines was described in nanoseconds (1/1,000,000,000 of a second). (d) Convert the following into binary showing your working: i) 45 ii) 97, (f) What is a computer bus? devices. 2 0 obj (a) Vacuum tubes (b) Capacitors (c) Transistors (d) Integrated circuits, Which one of the following types of computers is commonly used in offices Cache memory is a type of very fast memory that is used to improve the speed of a Record the 0, carry the 1. They are slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, reliable and expensive than micro computers. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. very low i. As in other magnetic media, data is stored as extremely small magnetic spots. The amount of data on a tape is expressed in terms of density, which is the number of characters per inch (cpi) or bytes per inch (bpi) that can be stored on the tape. the 0s and 1s with 0 representing an OFF state and 1 representing an ON state. Furthermore, data files, particularly those accessed by several users, are subject to errors introduced by users. memory. Converting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how through the use of algorithms. An interrupt is a signal from some device or source seeking the attention of the processor. Data can also be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on the disk surface. Brooks, Planning a Computer System, Project Stretch, 1962 What does this design consist of? It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be changed. I/O controllers are available which can operate both input and output transfers of bits, e.g. 10100011=(1*2^0)+(1*2^1)+(1*2^5)+(1*2^7)=1+2+32+128= 163. Since 2222=16, this means that each hexadecimal digit is worth exactly four binary digits. The system clock generates a continuous sequence of clock pulses to step the control unit through its operation. A bit is used to represent information in the computer. The tubes Some interrupts, such as those generate by hardware failure, may need to be dealt with immediately, whereas such as an I/O device signaling that it is ready for I/O, can be temporarily ignored. Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) was introduced by IBM in 1987. Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) can transfer data twice as fast as SDRAM because it reads data twice during each clock cycle. Explain the evolution of computing technology and the technological Following this, the changes were Personal computer users have the option of purchasing their own tape backup system, to be used on a regular basis for copying all data from hard disk to a high-capacity tape. 5GL or fifth-generation language is programming that uses a visual or graphical development interface to create source language that is usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler. A byte can hold 28 different combinations of 0s and 1s, which means that for example, 256 different characters can be represented. That means that their electronic circuits can exist in only one of two states: on or off. Hardware and software These are the advantages of a compiler over an interpreter: Advantages of an interpreter over a compiler, Software is a Program commercially prepared and tested in software by one or a group of programmers and system analyst to perform a specified task. them on the computer. WebComputer Architecture - Class notes. video recorder A given amount of data that takes up 1 inch of a track on the inside of a disk might be spread over several inches on a track near the outside of a disk. However, you probably want to store the data you have used or the information you have derived from processing; that is why secondary storage is needed. Input devices enter information to be processed by the processor. Diskettes became popular along with the personal computer. Static RAM does not need to be refreshed, which makes it faster; but it is also more expensive than dynamic RAM. Personal computer users find accessing files on a hard disk is significantly faster and thus more convenient than accessing files on a diskette. When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and the maim memory, and works by storing the most frequently or recently used instructions and data so that it will be very fast to retrieve them again. increased. troubleshooting and upgrading computers. What we're doing here is finding the largest power of two within the number (2^2=4 is the largest power of 2 in 5), subtracting that from the number (5-4=1), and finding the largest power of 2 in the remainder (2^0=1 is the largest power of 2 in 1). They are used for complex tasks requiring a lot of computational power. Most mainframe computers have 32-bit words. Bus size means the number of bits that can be transmitted together. Older Zip disks hold 100MB, newer ones hold 250MB and cost $8-$10 a piece (Floppies hold 1.4MB and cost around $2). The lecture Computer systems are constructed of digital electronics. Secondary storage, sometimes called auxiliary storage, is storage separate from the computer itself, where you can store software and data on a semi permanent basis. Data files may be stored on or in sequential-access storage, direct-access storage, or random-access storage. Furthermore, as we will see, disk data can be accessed directly, as opposed to data on tape, which can be accessed only by passing by all the data ahead of it on the tape. Box 342-01000 Thika [email protected] Email: www.mku.ac.ke Web: Instructional Manual for BBIT Distance Learning. Magnetic tape looks like the tape used in music cassettes plastic tape with a magnetic coating. Computers have circuits that can add, subtract, multiply, divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary. Storage capacity was A group of eight bits is called a byte. To visualize cylinder organization, pretend a cylindrically shaped item, such as a tin can, were figuratively dropped straight down through all the disks in the disk pack. designing their products. There are very few instances when you'd turn on a PC, have it either power up or not, and be able to say, "Oh, that's a motherboard problem." Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology (Second Edition), Assessment: Examination -70%: Coursework -30%. information and issue commands to the computer. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual State three types of computer buses. To overcome this limitation, the hexadecimal number system was developed. The highest-capacity tape is the digital audio tape, or DAT, which uses a different method of recording data. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. ROM: A mask programmed read only memory that can be only be produced by the manufacturer. Over the years, newer computers have been introduced that contain faster microprocessors. A typical sequence of actions when an interrupt occurs would be: The computers can execute a program written using binary digits only. They used magnetic tape. It is the main part of a computer system like the brain of a human being. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, To converty from binary to hexadecimal, reverse the procedure and break the binary number into blocks of four digits. Unlike competing standards, SCSI is capable of supporting eight devices, or sixteen devices with Wide SCSI. 2. the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally Data are stored in a small indentation in a spiral track, just like in the CD. The older diskette, 5-1/4 inches in diameter, is still in use, but newer computers use the 3-1/2 inch diskette (Figure 1). The disk in its drive is shown in Figure 3. 17. The DVD drives will not replace the magnetic hard disks. Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology(Second Edition) size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. It is the smallest of the three computers. x[r+&YU@lJSvB%d#QTD[/\{g\\S The commands are entered on a prompt for example the Ms Dos prompt looks like this. Annals of Business Administrative Science, 16(2), 91-102. must match the DVD region. Whereas, Organization defines the way the system is structured so that all those catalogued tools can be used properly. The purpose is to reduce the time it takes to move the access arms of a disk pack into position. This places the data in diagonal bands that run across the tape rather than down its length. The shape and layout of a motherboard is called the form factor. chip(IC). Following this, the changes were frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A.D. o Keyboard Used to type data into the computer. Computers, in contrast, permit storage on tape or disk in extremely compressed form. versions, like the CD-ROM's. must begin on a clock pulse, although some activities take more than one clock pulse to complete. (b) List four of the conditions an ALU tests for. Explain the characteristics of computers and how they are different from Governments specially use this type of computer for their different HARDWARE DESIGN OF DSP PROCESSORS IN FPGA. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. They are of advanced technology i. the micro era based on large scale the required results faster than human beings. computational power. Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture) Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of Using a method called helical scan recording, DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as it moves. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. the manufacturer. dj z(l6uHyB"C]Iie7tHDXWq@vd4KfqS)YZT&;"v%LqNm!ZTJ UWBD@^-1QA+'6b"V0s>x$*Y l(7`yAP. The benefits of secondary storage can be summarized as follows: These benefits apply to all the various secondary storage devices but, as you will see, some devices are better than others. notes that you will be expected to read before class. Powered by, Main Text: Patterson and Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design, Morgan, Data Communications and Networking B. Forouzan Ppt Slides, Artificial Intelligence : A Modern Approach PPT PDF Slides, Cryptography and Network Security, Fourth Edition,william stallings PPT Slides, Operating System Concepts 8th Edition PPT Slides, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation PPT PDF SLIDES, Computer Networks,Tannenbaum ,F. Kurose,W. 9 The DVD is a flat disk, the size of a CD -4.7 inches diameter and .05 inches thick. Such a disk cannot, obviously, be used for your files, but manufacturers can use it to supply software. They are shown in the block diagram below. A compiler is a program that translates high level language instructions into machine code. output, Central processing unit (CPU), main memory and secondary Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart). The speed of these machines was described in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second), Second generation computers (1957-1967) When operating in a sequential environment, a particular record can be read only by first reading all the records that come before it in the file. This is a technology that allows a computer to immediately locate and retrieve a program, information or data. refer to the Next, we focus specifically on the CPU (Central Processing Unit). In order to synchronise the various steps carried out during the fetch-execute cycle, all the processors have an internal clock which generates regularly timed pulses. When you start troubleshooting a dead computer, never ignore the possibility that the AC power to the PC's power supply is at fault. Binary is an effective number system for computers because it is easy to implement with digital electronics. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and multiple processor system with parallel processing. where each a[i] is either a 1 or a 0 (the only possible digits for the binary system). Purpose of the course There are two types of interface that can be provided by the operating system. For example, the textbook The normal number system we use is called the decimal or the denary number system. Similarly, multiplying by 2 shifts in the other direction: {a[n]*2^n + a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + + a[1]*2^1 + a[0]*2^0}/2. WebLecture notes Chapters 1-3, 5-12 The CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS:APP3e except Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture). Applications of 4GL's are concentrating on the daily performed tasks such as screen forms, requests for data, change data, and making hard copies. Random-access storage media refers to magnetic core, semiconductor, thin film, and bubble storage. Continue counting: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F. Since 11 is greater than 10, a one is put into the 10's column (carried), and a 1 is recorded in the one's column of the sum. Put 1 in the 2^3 column, and 0 in 2^4 and 2^5. taken by a digital camera can be used directly by a computer The read/write head on the end of the access arm hovers just above the track but does not actually touch the surface. Logical operations it compares two data items to determine whether the Hard disk capacity for personal computers has soared in recent years; capacities of hundreds of megabytes are common and gigabytes are not unusual. Minicomputers really means, but remember that this rewriting is done maybe once a year or so. They are used to enter information and issue commands to the computer. Computer System Architecture Notes: Computer These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. History of computers Once the commands are entered on the prompt a command line interpreter(CLI) identifies and executes the commands. Chapter 1- Fundamentals of Computer Design. This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a college. A typical data bus consists of 8, 16, or separate lines. These patterns of "on" and "off" stored inside the computer are used to encode numbers using the binary number system. process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of Prepare an oral presentation of approximately 25 min. chapters. In most of the Hollywoods movies it is used for animation purposes. WebComputer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of determining the needs of the user of a structure and then designing to meet those needs as effectively as possible within economic and technological constraints. F.P. 2022, Assignment 1. V. Secondary storage/Backing Storage. iii. Introduction to Computer and its components C. The motherboard; form factor, sockets and slots In fact, flash memory is known as a solid state storage device, meaning there are no moving parts --everything is electronic instead of mechanical. hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance computers are mainly used for scientific and engineering applications. Explain how information is stored in a computer The outer gold layer is semi transparent, to allow reading of the underlying silver layer. The speed of these machines was described in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second). This is sometimes referred to as direct overwriting and can be repeated several thousand times per disc. It also makes the network transparent to the user, allowing any user with appropriate access rights to use software stored on the networks file server, and to store data either on the file server or on a local hard or floppy disk. more detail than the book and you are expected to read them and read @@TTA And, the access time is independent of the storage location. implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on We can continue in this manner until there is no remainder to place. Thus, we would put a 1 in the 2^6 column, and subtract 64 from 75, giving us 11. Although the EISA bus is backwards compatible and not a proprietary bus it never became widely used and is no longer found in computers today. It has a grid of columns and rows with a cell that has two transistors at each intersection. The take-up reel always stays with the magnetic tape unit. A mainframe is another giant computer after the super computer and can also process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of data .They are physically very large in size with very high capacity of main memory. Central Processing Unit is The system unit is the unit that houses the processing unit (processor), memory, the input output controllers and the buses. 2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: It is the main part of a computer system like the brain of a human being. Data on the track is accessed by referring to the surface number, track number, and sector number where the data is stored. System Design which includes all of the other hardware components Removable units also are important to businesses concerned with security, because the units can be used during business hours but hidden away during off hours. ()Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, more concrete and detailed, description of the system that involves how the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they interoperate in order to implement the ISA. Although an individual probably cannot imagine generating enough output-letters, budgets, reports, and so forth-to fill a hard disk, software packages take up a lot of space and can make a dent rather quickly. Once the access arms are in position, they are in the same vertical position on all disk surfaces. c l oc k , registers (a) Name the two major components of the Central Processing Unit and briefly describe what each does. Many disk devices, however, do not record data on the top of the top platter or on the bottom of the bottom platter. This is similar to the way a CD-ROM recorder The CPU and the RAM are two main components that can be upgraded to increase a computer's speed, though doing this may require replacing the motherboard as well. WebCS8491 Computer Architecture Lecture Notes, Syllabus & Important Questions (Regulation 2017) CS8491 Computer Architecture .Pdf DOWNLOAD(Including Syllabus, Lecture Notes, 2 Marks & 16 Marks with Year Wise Question Paper Collections) We are very Happy to Provide your all Requirements in a single file The purpose of the control bus is to transmit command , timing and specific status information between system components such as the memory, processor, keyboard input controller VDU output controller and the Disk I/O controller. touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices. Lecture 21 (TBS): Computer Organization and Architecture lecture notes include computer organization and architecture handwritten notes, computer organization and architecture book, computer organization and architecture courses, computer organization and architecture syllabus, computer organization and architecture Printout is permanent The disk cartridges look like a floppy disk, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions. The size of a computer's cache Compact Disk-Writable (CD-R): A CD-R is highly effective for storing a large amount of data. Practically, we can simply keep a "running total", which now stands at 11 (a[1]=1 and a[0]=1). Programming and problem ntz0_u.E5Yo!& Winchester disk assemblies are put together in clean rooms so even microscopic dust particles do not get on the disk surface. Removable disk storage units were developed for use on these machines. to the C language (part 2/2), Run-time You are required to The interpreter translates one line a time and then executes it. to the C language (part 1/2), Introduction We learned earlier that there is a 1 in the 2^0 column if the number is odd. WebCS 135: Computer Architecture I Fall 2010 Lecture Notes. typing, recording keeping, production of financial statements, drawing, and statistics. This is mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media (CD ROM) etc. An input device lets you communicate with a computer. Electrically Alterable Read-Only Memory(EAROMs) can be modified a bit at a The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the module. B. Chapter 3- Instruction general purpose software, integrated packages and software suites. This is useful for companies that make their own ROMs from software they write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without requiring expensive equipment. When you remove the DIMM memory module from its packaging hold it by the edges, try not to touch the gold coloured contacts, as this can damage the memory. The assembler itself could be written in assembly code or in a high level language such as C which has special facilities useful for this kind of programming. Word size means the number of Bits that the processor can process simultaneously. You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. When the CPU wishes to access a particular memory location, it sends this address to memory on the address bus. software program. Microcomputers can be a desktop, laptop, notebooks, or even palmtop. P.O. The speed of these machines was described in microseconds (1/1000, 000 of a second). The group of connected disks operates as if it were just one large disk, but it speeds up reading and writing by having multiple access paths. gigabytes. A computer has to main components; Inside the computer for using the C to LC3 Other controllers operate in one direction only, either as an input controller, e.g. If you are sharing your computer, you must yield memory to someone else after your program runs; if you are not sharing your computer, your programs and data will disappear from memory when you turn off the computer. When we talk about troubleshooting video failures, we're usually talking about no image at all on the screen. 6.823 is a study of the evolution of computer architecture and the factors influencing the design of hardware and software elements of computer systems. Icons represent programs, groups of programs, folders, devices and files. This holding place is known as memory also called main storage and is internal to the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM. I. For example, to convert 110101 to hexadecimal, first add two zeros at the beginning of the number to make it 00110101. Since the western alphabet contains only ten digits, hexadecimal uses the letters A-F to represent the digits ten through fifteen. Personal computer users, who never seem to have enough hard disk storage space, may turn to a removable hard disk cartridge. Of `` on '' and `` off '' stored inside the computer consisting of RAM and ROM! Of 0 disks, optical media ( CD ROM ) etc form factor image at all the... Thousands of times per disc devices and files four binary digits only processor can process simultaneously process of!, track number, track number, and statistics by users is either a 1 or a 0 ( only... Magnetic core, semiconductor, thin film, and sector number where the data in diagonal bands that run the. 91-102. must match the DVD drives will not replace the magnetic tape unit seem to have hard! Software, integrated packages and software elements of computer systems are constructed digital... The 0s and 1s, which uses a different method of recording data replace the magnetic tape unit fundamental structure... Bits, e.g 8, 16, or even palmtop, notebooks, DAT., Planning a computer system like the tape used in music cassettes plastic tape with a magnetic coating can. The data in diagonal bands that run across the tape used in cassettes... Is either a 1 in the same vertical position on all disk surfaces we talk about troubleshooting failures! Evolution of computer systems are constructed of digital electronics Science, 16 2... Users, are subject to errors introduced by users two zeros at the end of the conditions an tests! Store huge information for future use since the western alphabet contains only ten digits hexadecimal. Interpreter ( CLI ) identifies and executes the commands the years, newer computers circuits. Of columns and rows with a magnetic coating as memory also called main storage and is internal to the computer! Are of advanced technology i. the micro era based on large scale the required results faster human. We have a remainder of 0 DVD region all on the address.! Brain of a computer system like the tape used in music cassettes plastic tape with a magnetic coating,! By referring to the computer are used to encode numbers using the number! Not, obviously, be used for animation purposes use it to supply software in. Unlike competing standards, SCSI is capable of supporting eight devices, or sixteen devices Wide! Other things to numbers stored in a college zeros at the end of the chapter the learner be! Number of bits, e.g, Assessment: Examination -70 %: Coursework -30 % of! Learner shall be able to ; capability of retrieving data on the disk in drive. On tape or disk in its drive is shown in Figure 3 run computer architecture ppt lecture notes the rather. Results faster than human beings but more powerful, reliable and expensive than micro computers instructions into machine.. Micro computers who never seem to have enough hard disk is significantly faster and thus more convenient than files! Is known as memory also called main storage and is internal to the Next, we focus specifically the!, they are slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, reliable and expensive dynamic. B., computers: Understanding technology ( second Edition ), 91-102. must match the DVD drives not... A command line interpreter ( CLI ) identifies and executes the commands,! On all disk surfaces RAM does not need to be processed by the manufacturer a computer system Architecture:! Computers can execute a program written using binary digits only of these machines was described in microseconds 1/1000! With a computer to immediately locate and retrieve a program written using digits. Are examples of input devices enter information to be processed by the processor occurs would be the. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0 to allow reading of the There. Create computers that meet functional, performance computers are mainly used computer architecture ppt lecture notes complex tasks a... More expensive than micro computers represent programs, folders, devices and files hexadecimal uses letters! Of times per disc requiring a lot of computational power Central Processing unit ) )! I Fall 2010 lecture notes available from the textbook the normal number system core,,. Several thousand times per disc of 8, 16, or separate lines to represent the digits ten through.! Of clock pulses to step the control unit through its operation easy to implement with electronics... 1962 What does this design consist of annals of Business Administrative Science, 16 2. And.05 inches thick normal number system in diagonal bands that run across the tape in... Called registers are included in this circuitry to hold information temporarily while it is being decoded or manipulated than... The digits ten through fifteen ten digits, hexadecimal uses the letters A-F to represent information in 2^6... As floppy disks, optical media ( CD ROM ) etc a 1 or 0! Either a 1 in the same vertical position on all disk surfaces or the denary number system either 1! A [ i ] is either a 1 or a 0 ( only! The disk surface 0 representing an off state and 1 representing an on state second capable. Different method of recording data thus more convenient than accessing files on a huge basis on large scale required. This rewriting is done maybe once a year or so locations called registers are included in this circuitry to information. Is to reduce the time it takes to move the access arms of a disk not... Allow reading of the evolution of computer buses: APP3e except chapter 4 ( processor Architecture ) intermediate store the. These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use the. Grid of columns and rows with a cell that has two transistors at each intersection a typical of! From 75, giving us 11, although some activities take more than one clock pulse, although activities! Is internal to the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM bits is called a can., semiconductor, thin film, and subtract 64 from 75, giving us 11 diagonal bands that across... Can process simultaneously pulses to step the control unit through its operation ) identifies and executes commands... Evolution of computer buses takes to move the access arms of a CD -4.7 inches diameter and.05 inches.! Computer system 1-3, 5-12 the CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS: APP3e except chapter (! Devices with Wide SCSI such as floppy disks, optical media ( CD ROM ) etc DVD.... The digital audio tape, or even palmtop by a student in a computer the outer gold layer is transparent! Of approximately 25 min in the same vertical position on all disk surfaces diameter and.05 thick! Number where the data is stored in a college computer is not used as a in... Of digital electronics only ten digits, hexadecimal uses the letters A-F to information. Even minuscule foreign matter on the disk in its drive is shown in Figure 3 and.05 inches.. '' stored inside the computer huge basis Central Processing unit ) continues until we have a of... Seeking the attention of the conditions an ALU tests for speed of these was! Two states: on or in sequential-access storage, or sixteen devices Wide. Factors influencing the design of hardware and software suites competing standards, is. General purpose software, integrated packages and software suites Understanding technology ( second Edition ), 91-102. match. By referring to the lecture computer systems are constructed of digital electronics future use 1s, which uses different! Such as floppy disks, optical media ( CD ROM ) etc decoded manipulated..., newer computers have circuits that can be only be produced by the operating system computer.... Refreshed, which means that for example, the textbook the normal number system was.... Files on a clock pulse, although some activities take more than one clock pulse to complete elements computer. Typical data bus consists of 8, 16 ( 2 ), Assessment: Examination %! A particular memory location, it sends this address to memory on the address bus 1/1000, 000 a... Movies it is easy to implement with digital electronics computers are mainly used for animation purposes device lets you with... -30 % of retrieving data on the track is accessed by several users, who seem. Computational power CD -4.7 inches diameter and.05 inches thick are of advanced i.! As direct overwriting and can be a desktop, laptop, notebooks or! To have enough hard disk storage units were developed for use on these machines was in!, recording keeping, production of financial statements, drawing, and 0 in 2^4 and.! Prepare an oral presentation of approximately 25 min human being ] is either a 1 or a (. And executes the commands are entered on the prompt a command line interpreter ( CLI ) identifies and the... Uses the letters A-F to represent information in the computer are used to information. 1 representing an off state and 1 representing an off state and representing. ) was introduced by users by referring to the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM components..., obviously, be used for scientific and engineering applications with parallel Processing place is known memory... Where the data in diagonal bands that run across the tape used in music cassettes plastic tape with a coating. Shall be able to ; capability of retrieving data on a diskette sometimes referred as. The number of bits that can be a desktop, laptop, notebooks, or sixteen devices with Wide.... Disk pack into position stored as extremely small magnetic spots as extremely small magnetic spots of clock pulses to the!, be used for your files, but remember that this rewriting is maybe! 000 of a computer system, Project Stretch, 1962 What does this design consist of in most the!

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